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±5V Precision Instrumentation Amplifier -  A flying capacitor is ideal for virtually eliminating dc and low frequency common mode errors.  This is desired for a low voltage differential to single ended instrumentation amplifier stage. __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

∑-∆ Isolation Amplifier transfers low frequencies across barrier -  EDN-Design Ideas 08/02/2013    Running a ∑-∆ stream over the barrier makes for an inexpensive analog isolator.   The isolation amplifier circuit of Figure 1 is simple but accurate.  With the values shown it converts 0 to 5V DC or low frequency signals with unity gain, but you can adjust the gain by changing R4. Design by Francesc Casanellas

10°C to 40°C Thermistor Thermometer -  The LT1789 is a micropower, precision instrumentation amplifiers that are optimized for single supply operation from 2.2V to 36V.  The quiescent current is 95μA max, the inputs common mode to ground and the output swings within 110mV of ground.  The gain is set with a single external resistor for a gain range of 1 to 1000 for __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Mar 30th 2010

2 Instrumentation Amps Make Accurate Voltage-To-Current Source -  14-May-09 EDN-Design Ideas Many designs require precise voltage-controlled current sources, especially in the presence of variable loads.  Common approaches, which use a few op amps and a handful of passive components, have inherent errors due to nonideal component characteristics, such as finite open-loop gain, common-mode rejection, bias current, and offset voltage Design by Frank Ciarlone, Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA

2.7V to 5.5V Precision High Side Current Sense -  This high side current sense amplifier works down to 2.7V.  Even with such a low supply voltage, accuracy of the voltage sensed across resistor Rs is preserved due to the very low voltage offset error of the LTC6078 amplifier   (7uV typical). __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Mar 16th 2010

2.7V to 5.5V Ultra High Precision Current Sense -  This is a low-voltage, ultra-high-precision monitor featuring a Zero-Drift Instrumentation Amplifier   (IA) that provides Rail-to-Rail inputs and outputs.  Voltage gain is set by the feedback resistors.  Accuracy of this circuit is set by the quality of resistors selected by the user, small-signal range is limited by VOL in single-supply __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Mar 30th 2010

85V, –100V Common Mode Range Instrumentation Amplifier (AV = 10) -  The input section is a classic difference amplifier set to A=0.1so that the Vcm is attenuated by 10x along with the signal of interest.  The second section has A=100 so that the overall circuit has A=10 but yet supports a large Vcm working range. __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

A Clock for All Reasons -  Linear Technology AN93 __ Designed by Jim WilliamsFeb 1st, 2003

A Single Amplifier Precision High Voltage Instrument Amp -  DN25 Design Notes __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

AC Couple Analog Signals without a DC Bias Source -  02/03/00 EDN-Design Ideas A conventional ac-coupling circuit in a single-supply system comprises a series capacitor and a shunt resistor to ground.  Unfortunately,  negative peaks of  input signal can exceed 0.3V input operating-range limits of an ADC, such as  LTC1402 serial 12-bit sampling ADC.  To avoid going below ground,  circuit must return  shunt input Design by Joseph Luis Sousa, Linear Technology Corp, North Chelmsford, MA

AC line powers microcontroller-based fan-speed regulator -  9-Nov-06 EDN-Design Ideas A microcontroller requires dc operating power in the 2 to 5.5V range, an amount that a battery or a secondary power source can easily supply.  However, in certain situations, a microcontroller-based product must operate directly from a 120 or 220V-ac power outlet without a step-down transformer or a heat-producing, voltage-decreasing resistor. Design by Abel Raynus, Armatron International Inc, Malden, MA

AC-coupling instrumentation Amplifier improves rejection range of differential DC input voltage -  09/30/04 EDN-Design Ideas The need for conditioning lowlevel ac signals in the presence of both common-mode noise and differential dc voltage prevails in many applications.  In such situations, ac-coupling to instrumentation and difference amplifiers Page includes several designs.  Scroll to find this one Design by Francis Rodes, Olivier Chevalieras, and Eliane Garnier, ENSEIRB, Talence, France

Active-feedback IC serves as current-sensing instrumentation Amplifier -  24-Jul-03 EDN-Design Ideas High-speed current sensing presents a designer with some significant challenges.  Most techniques for sensing current involve measuring the differential voltage the current produces as it flows through a sense element, such as a resistor or a Hall-effect device.  The differential voltage across the sense element is generally small and is often riding on a common-mode voltage that is considerably Design by Jonathan Pearson, Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA

Amplifier & Current Source Emulate Instrumentation Amplifier -  11/13/03  EDN-Design Ideas The classic three- or two-op-amp instrumentation-amplifier circuits are standard ways to amplify a small-amplitude differential signal contaminated with high common-mode noise.  In some applications, the signal source is floating wi Design by Dobromir Dobrev, Jet Electronics, Sofia, Bulgaria

Amplifier cancels common-mode voltage -  10-May-07 EDN-Design Ideas You can eliminate common-mode-voltage errors with this amplifier circuit that subtracts out the error Design by W Stephen Woodward, Chapel HIll, NC

Amplifier compensates piezoelectric-rate gyros -  12/09/99 EDN-Design Ideas Low-power, low-cost ceramic piezoelectric rate gyros are available,  but they lack the low-temperaturecoefficient characteristics of their quartz counterparts.  However, you.   PDF has several circuits, scoll to find this one. Design by Jim Mahoney, Linear Technology Corp, Milpitas, CA

AN3Applications for a Switched-Capacitor Instrumentation Building Block -  Linear Technology AN3 __ Designed by Jim WilliamsJul 1st, 1985

AN-60-034  Transient Protection of Darlington gain block Amplifiers -  AN-60034  Application Note __ MiniCircuits.com

AN93Instrumentation Applications for a Monolithic Oscillator: A Clock for All Reasons -  Linear Technology AN93 __ Designed by Jim WilliamsFeb 1st, 2003

Applications for a Switched-Capacitor Instrumentation Building Block -  Linear Technology AN3 __ Designed by Jim WilliamsJul 1st, 1985

Audible continuity Tester -  A logic tester with an audible indicator can be handy when troubleshooting or testing a crowded circuit board.  It allows you to keep your eyes on the circuit, rather than on a LED on the tester.  The project described in this article is just such a tester.  It provides an audible indication of the logic level of the signal presented to its input __ Designed by Tony van Roon  VA3AVR

Autozeroed Amplifier with halved noise needs few components -  10/25/07 EDN-Design Ideas The unique architecture of the Analog Devices AD8553 instrumentation amplifier permits paralleling devices to lower noise Design by Marián Štofka, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia

Composite Instrumentation Amplifier Challenges Single-Chip Device for Bandwidth, Offset & Noise -  12-Jun-08 EDN-Design Ideas By cascading the instrument amplifiers, you can achieve higher bandwidth and lower noise than with a single-chip amplifier Design by Marián Štofka, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia

Current Output, High Speed, High Input Impedance Instrumentation Amplifi er -  This is a variation on the standard 3-stage implementation of an Instrumentation Amplifier function.  The output sense resistor, along with the extra op amp for feedback sensing, form a Howland current-source structure for generating precision output current. __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

Current-mode instrumentation Amplifier enhances piezoelectric accelerometer -  11/23/06 EDN-Design Ideas suppresses capacitively coupled noise pickup by piezoelectric sensor and its wiring Design by Dave Wuchinich, Modal Mechanics, Yonkers, NY

Designing with a New Family of Instrumentation Amplifiers -  DN40 Design Notes __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

Differential Bridge Amplifier -  The LTC2050HV are zero-drift operational amplifi ers available in the 5- or 6-lead SOT-23 and SO-8 packages.  The LTC2050 operates from a single 2.7V to 6V supply.  The LTC2050HV operates on supplies from 2.7V to ±5.5V.  The current consumption is 800μA and the versions in the 6-lead SOT-23 and SO-8 packages offer power shutdown __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Apr 29th 2010

Differential I/O low-power instrumentation Amp -  12/16/13  EDN-Design Ideas In-amps have differential inputs of course, but this one has a differential output too, along with controllable VCM Design by Sandro Herrera

Flying capacitor & negative time constant make digitally programmable gain instrumentation Amplifier -  02/05/09  EDN-Design Ideas Digitally programmable-gain instrumentation amplifiers prevent common-mode noise and variable signal amplitudes Design by W Stephen Woodward, Chapel Hill, NC

Gain Trimming in Instrumentation Amplifier Based Systems -  DN51 Design Notes __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

Gain-of-three Amplifier requires no external resistors -  17-Aug-06 EDN-Design Ideas One IC provIdeas wideband amplification and minimizes parts count Design by Marián Stofka, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia

Gain-of-two instrumentation Amplifier uses no external resistors -  02/15/07  EDN-Design Ideas Two ICs deliver precision gain with no external components.  An instrumentation amplifier offers precise gain without feedback resistors, and, at any value of gain, it provIdeas high input impedances at its noninverting and inverting inputs.  In a typical IC instrumentation amplifier, a single resistor that connects across two gain-adjustment pins determines the circuit's overall gain.  Integrated versions of most instrumentation amplifiers allow the pins to remain open for unity gain but require finite-value gain-setting resistors for gains exceeding one. Design by Marián Štofka, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia

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High-CMRR Instrumentation Amp Works with Low Supply Voltages -  2-Oct-03 EDN-Design Ideas Modern battery-cell voltages of 3 to 3.6V require circuits that offer efficient low-voltage operation.  This design idea proposes an ac-coupled instrumentation-amplifier design that features high CMRR(common-mode-rejection ratio], wide dc input-voltage tolerance, and a first-order highpass characteristic Design by Dobromir Dobrev, Jet Electronics, Sofia, Bulgaria

In-Circuit Tester -  This is an in-circuit tester that to check correctly wired.  It can test a circuit board without be influenced by semiconductor parts. __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

Input filter prevents instrumentation-amp RF-rectification errors -  11/13/03  EDN-Design Ideas Instrumentation amplifiers serve in a variety of applications that need to extract a weak differential signal from large common-mode noise or interference.  However, designers often overlook the potential problem of RF rectification Design by Charles Kitchin, Lew Counts, and Moshe Gerstenhaber, Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA

Instrumentation Amp has differential outputs -  08/19/04  EDN-Design Ideas tate-of-the-art ADCs accept differential inputs, allowing you to differentially implement the entire signal path from sensor to converter.  This structure provIdeas significant performance advantages, because differential signals i Design by Moshe Gerstenhaber and Stephen Lee, Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA

Instrumentation Amp Has Low Offset, Drift & Low-Frequency Noise -  08/21/08 EDN-Design Ideas By cascading instrumentation amplifiers, you can achieve an instrumentation amplifier with decade-gain having low offset, drift and LF noise Design by Marián Štofka, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia

Instrumentation Amp makes an accurate transimpedance Amp too -  EDN-Design Ideas 03/23/2015    The interesting topology in This Design Idea turns a monolithic in-amp into a good transimpedance amp for photodiode or similar applications Design by Stefano Salvatori

Instrumentation Amp makes noninverting integrator -  09/19/02 EDN-Design Ideas Figure 1a shows the classic implementation of an integrator.  The circuit has two properties that may be undesirable in same applications  It necessarily inverts, and it requires a split-supply or midsupply reference.  Figure 1b shows an implementation of an integrator that uses an LT1789 instrumentation amplifier Design by Glen Brisebois, Linear Technology Corp, Milpitas, CA

Instrumentation Amp provides unipolar & bipolar outputs -  03-Aug-00 EDN-Design Ideas Intelligent sensors and signal conditioners for plant-automation systems must produce outputs compatible with standard data-acquisition systems, such as PCs, programmable logic controllers, and remote terminals for supervisory and control systems.  Standard analog inputs are 0 to 1V, ±10V, 0 to 1 mA, and 4 to 20 mA.  The circuit in Figure 1 makes all these signals available, using only three packages in addition to the DAC Design by David Rathgeber, Alles Corp, Toronto, ON, Canada

Instrumentation Amp Swings Rail-To-Rail -  03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas You can combine an instrumentation amplifier and an inexpensive CMOS op amp to get the better of two worlds  the precision of a bipolar instrumentation amp and the5V single-supply operation of the CMOS op amp.  The characteristics of such a circuit Design by R Mark Stitt, Burr-Brown,  Tucson, AZ

Instrumentation Amp works from one supply -  03/16/00 EDN-Design Ideas Many single-supply applications need precision amplifiers that can operate from 5V or lower.  Although many precision, single-supply op amps are currently available for configuring as 2- and 3-amplifier instrumentation amplifiers (IAs), these designs require great attention to detail to achieve accuracy and precision. Design by Adolpho Garcia

Instrumentation Amplifier Compensates System Offset from Single Supply -  19-Mar-09 EDN-Design Ideas An instrumentation amp operates from one supply and lets you reset the system offset by applying a positive correction voltage to the VREF input Design by Luca Bruno, ITIS Hensemberger Monza, Lissone, Italy

Instrumentation Amplifier extends DSO -  01/05/06 EDN-Design Ideas Elusive current waveforms required scope documentation.  To determine the specifications of a solar-generating plant, I needed to accurately measure the load current a product consumed.  The product switched several internal devices on and off during an interval of several seconds.  An ammeter showed that the current transitions occurred too quickly for visual logging, and my managers had requested an oscilloscope photo of the current waveform's peaks Design by Bob Perrin, Sacramento, CA

Instrumentation Amplifier Has 290-Mhz GB -  05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas very high frequency instrumentation amplifier based on video-difference amplifier Design by Paul Hendricks, Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA

Instrumentation Amplifier Is Less Sensitive to Resistor Mismatch -  12/02/10 EDN-Design Ideas Correcting phase with a third amplifier improves the two-amp design.  [Design Ideas by Reza Moghimi, Analog Devices, San Jose, CA Design by Reza Moghimi, Analog Devices, San Jose, CA

Instrumentation Amplifier with ±300V Common Mode Range & CMRR > 150dB -  The differential input voltage is sampled on a flying capacitor and then its charge is transferred to a fixed capacitor with is then amplified to produce an output voltage.  The use of high voltage photo driven FET switches rejects very high input common mode voltages. __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

Instrumentation Amplifier with Shield Driver -  This is a variation on the standard 3-stage implementation of an Instrumentation Amplifier function.  The gain resistor structure between the input op amps provides a mid-point potential that represents the average of the incoming signals.  The average level is buffered and back-drives the shields of the signals so there are __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

Instrumentation Applications for a Monolithic Oscillator -  Linear Technology AN93 __ Designed by Jim WilliamsFeb 1st, 2003

Instrumentation Applications for a Monolithic Oscillator -  AN93 Instrumentation applications for a monolithic programmable oscillator are presented in this publication.  Circuits include platinum and thermistor based thermometers, an isolated thermometer and three relative humidity signal conditioners.  Bipolar and FET input c (add 1/06) __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

Instrumentation Applications for High Accuracy Temperature Monitor Products -  Thermal management is a critical part of system design.  FPGAs and processors often require heat sinks and fans, to the extent that a failure (stopped fan or obstructed heat sink) would cause damage.  These devices often have a pin connected to an on-die diode temperature sensor.  It is also useful to know the temperature of other __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Leo Chen Aug 24th 2011

Instrumentation-Amplifier-Based Current Shunt Exhibits 0V Drop -  27-Nov-08 EDN-Design Ideas A current-to-voltage converter has 0V drop Design by Marián Štofka, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia

Isolation Amplifier Suits Industrial Applications -  02/03/00  EDN-Design Ideas The circuit in Figure 1a is a low-cost isolation amplifier for instrumentation applications that provIdeas as much as 500V of galvanic isolation between input and output.  The amplifier uses only one small, low-cost transformer and with little modification Design by Andrew Russell, Philips Semiconductors, Hazel Grove, England

LCD-Bias Generator Uses Main Microcontroller as Control IC -  11/26/09  EDN-Design Ideas Control a buck-boost switch-mode regulator with the same microcontroller that sends data to an LCD Design by Tom Hughes, Dannemora, Auckland, New Zealand

Logic Probe -  An useful and easy to build Logic Probe with Pulse injector.  An schematic of a "digital version" is included. __ Designed by Jose Pino

Logic probe -  This logic probe uses a single CMOS IC and shows three logic conditions, High, Low and Pulsing.  In addition if the probe input is neither hi or low (the high impedance state of tri-output logic IC's) then no LED's will light.    Power from the logic probe is taken from the logic circui __ Designed by Andy Collison

Logic Probe1 with pulse TTL/CMOS -  One of the most frustrating problems with experimenting is not be able to check the logic state of TTL or CMOS ic's without the use of a triggered oscilloscope. The schematic diagram above shows a simple and inexpensive way of building a 'Logic Probe' yourself. It will provide you with three visible indicators; "Logic 1"(+, red led), "Logic 0"(-, green led), and "Pulse"(yellow led) __ Designed by Tony van Roon  VA3AVR

Logic Probe2  with pulse TTL/CMOS -  This circuit uses the four 2 input NOR gates contained within the 4001 CMOS IC, and is primarily intended for testing CMOS circuits.  The probe derives its power from the supply of the circuit being tested.  The first gate, N1, has its inputs tied together so that it operates as an inverter, and it is biased by R1 so that roughly half the supply potential appears at its output __ Designed by Tony van Roon  VA3AVR

Logic Probe3 Audible TTL/CMOS -  A logic tester with an audible indicator can be handy when troubleshooting or testing a crowded circuit board.  It allows you to keep your eyes on the circuit, rather than on a LED on the tester.  The project described in this article is just such a tester.  It provides an audible indication of the logic level of the signal presented to its input __ Designed by Tony van Roon  VA3AVR

Logic Tester -  This is a simple logic level tester with pulse stretch capability. __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

LOPIC Logic Probe with Pulser -  This project is a combinationLogic Probe and Logic Pulser.  It is capable of testing all sorts of digital and microcomputer projects.  You will find it extremely handy when designing a project as the golden rule is totest everything in steps and stages during the design-and-construction process.  If you are not sure how a Logic Probe or Pulser works

Low Voltage Instrumentation Amplifier -  Circuit Ideas for Designers App Note __ Advanced Linear Devices, Inc

Low-Cost isolation Amplifier suits industrial applications -  02/03/00  EDN-Design Ideas The circuit in Figure 1a is a low-cost isolation amplifier for instrumentation applications that provIdeas as much as 500V of galvanic isolation between input and output.  The amplifier uses only one small, low-cost transformer and with little modification Design by Andrew Russell, Philips Semiconductors, Hazel Grove, England

Low-Cost LCD-Bias Generator Uses Main Microcontroller as Control IC -  26-Nov-09 EDN-Design Ideas Control a buck-boost switch-mode regulator with the same microcontroller that sends data to an LCD Design by Tom Hughes, Dannemora, Auckland, New Zealand

LT1167: Single Resistor Sets the Gain of the Best Instrumentation Amplifier -  DN182 Design Notes __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

Lux Meter -  This is a simple Lux Meter that is suitable for beginners. __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

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MAX038 Function Generator -  This is a function generator that can generates 10Hz through 20MHz in six ranges.  Analog output can select one of any wave forms, sine, triangle or square.  TTL output can select 50% fixed duty or variable pulse width. __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

New Instrumentation Amplifiers Maximize Output Swing on Low Voltage Supplies -  DN323 Design Notes __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

OpAmp Doubles as Instrumentation Amp -  09/15/94 EDN-Design Ideas The circuit in Fig 1 shows an ordinary, off-the-shelf, general-purpose op amp configured as an instrumentation amplifier.  Such a configuration yields an instrumentation amplifier having higher bandwidth than currently available dedicated instrumentation/ Design by Moshe Gerstenhaber and Mike Gianino, Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA09/15/94

Picoampere Input Current, Triple Op Amp Instrumentation Amplifier with Bias Current Cancellation -  The upper three opamps form a standard instrumentation amplifier.  The additional opamp at the bottom is used to provide a bias current into all the inputs so that the source signal loading is minimized.  The circuit takes advantage of the close matching of sections within the IC so that when the lower section is bias-canceled, __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

Port-Powered Temperature Meter -  This is a four-channel temperature measurement adapter that works without external power supply.  It will suitable for measuring temperature and logging its data with a PC. __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

Precision Null Detector -  Precise determination of null point in AC/DC bridges helps us to evaluate accurate values of circuit components like L and C.  Here’s a null detector that has the following merits: • Same __ Electronics Projects for You

Precision peak Detector uses no precision components -  10-Jun-04 EDN-Design Ideas When you need a precision peak detector, you would usually implement it with one or several op amps and a few other associated components.  This technique usually works well unless your design requires operation higher than a few kilohertz.  In designs requiring such operation, the accuracy of the circuit severely deteriorates unless at least one of the amplifiers has a high slew rate and frequ Design by Jim McLucas, Longmont, CO

Radio Spectrum Monitor -  This is an experimental project to analyze radio band in FFT. __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

Revolution Meter -  Revolution meter by measuring method of strobe synchronization.  It can measure up to 100, 000 rpm in two ranges. __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

Single Amplifier Precision High Voltage Instrument Amp -  DN25 Design Notes __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

Single Battery, Micropower, Gain = 100, Instrumentation Amplifier -  This is a classic two-opamp instrumentation configuration.  The low voltage and micropower characteristics of the LT1078 provide operation on a 3V coin-cell supply. __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

Single Resistor Sets the Gain of the Best Instrumentation Amplifier LT1167 DN182 Design Notes __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

Three Op Amp Instrumentation Amplifier -  Matched amplifiers are ideal for minimizing errors in a differential input gain stage.  This stage is followed by a conventional difference amplifier to provide a single ended output signal.  Resistor adjustments optimize the circuit to reject both ac and dc common mode input signals. __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

Transient Protection of Darlington gain block Amplifiers -  AN-60034  Application Note __ MiniCircuits.com

TTL/CMOS Logic Probe1 with Pulse -  One of the most frustrating problems with experimenting is not be able to check the logic state of TTL or CMOS ic's without the use of a triggered oscilloscope. The schematic diagram above shows a simple and inexpensive way of building a 'Logic Probe' yourself. It will provide you with three visible indicators; "Logic 1"(+, red led), "Logic 0"(-, green led), and "Pulse"(yellow led) __ Designed by Tony van Roon  VA3AVR

TTL/CMOS Logic Probe2 -  This circuit uses the four 2 input NOR gates contained within the 4001 CMOS IC, and is primarily intended for testing CMOS circuits.  The probe derives its power from the supply of the circuit being tested.  The first gate, N1, has its inputs tied together so that it operates as an inverter, and it is biased by R1 so that roughly half the supply potential appears at its output __ Designed by Tony van Roon  VA3AVR

TTL/CMOS Logic Probe3 -  A logic tester with an audible indicator can be handy when troubleshooting or testing a crowded circuit board.  It allows you to keep your eyes on the circuit, rather than on a LED on the tester.  The project described in this article is just such a tester.  It provides an audible indication of the logic level of the signal presented to its input __ Designed by Tony van Roon  VA3AVR

Two Instrumentation Amps Make Accurate Voltage-To-Current Source -  14-May-09 EDN-Design Ideas Many designs require precise voltage-controlled current sources, especially in the presence of variable loads.  Common approaches, which use a few op amps and a handful of passive components, have inherent errors due to nonideal component characteristics, such as finite open-loop gain, common-mode rejection, bias current, and offset voltage Design by Frank Ciarlone, Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA

Two Op Amp Instrumentation Amplifier -  Just two precision amplifiers can be configured to create a differential to single ended instrumentation amplifier.  Gain of this example is 100.  Gain = R4/R3 * [1 + 1/2* (R2/R1 + R3/R4) + (R2+R3) /R5].  Trim R5 for gain accuracy. __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Jun 21, 2011

Ultraprecise Instrumentation Amplifier Makes Robust Thermocouple Interface -  DN302 Design Notes __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices

Universal Counter -  Typical frequency counter that built by electronics hobbyists.  This counter can measure time periods and has communication interface, so that I named this "Universal Counter". __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

Use dual Op Amp in an instrumentation Amp -  01/18/07  EDN-Design Ideas Use op amps of your choice in an instrumentation amplifier Design by Jerald Graeme, Burr-Brown Corp, Tucson, AZ

Virtual instrument Determines magnetic core's B-H-loop characteristics -  01/05/06 EDN-Design Ideas Inexpensive solution combines a laptop, DAQ card, and LabView Design by Michael Nasab, Circuit Mentor, Boulder Creek, CA

Wave Captor 'SAKURA' -  This is a digital oscilloscope adapter, which is attached to the serial port of PC, and insulated them with photo-isolator.  It acquires at 8 bits, fixed 10k samples/sec. __ Designed by The Electronic Lives Manufacturing-presented Chan

Wide Common Mode Range 10x Gain Instrumentation Amplifier -  The LTC6090 is a high voltage precision operational amplifier.  The low noise, low bias current input stage is ideal for high gain configurations.  The LTC6090 has low input offset voltage, a rail-to-rail output stage, and can be run from a single 140V or split ±70V supplies __ Linear Technology/Analog Devices App Note, Feb 15th 2013